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Employment and Line Management Essay

†¢1.1 Communication is a vital thing in the workshop, it is very important so that jobs are done productively and correctly. If the communication in the workshop was poor mistakes would Begin to take place and accidents could occur. †¢1.2 The different methods of communication to the line management and colleagues are by talking to one another, team meetings, by telephone and even letters. In busy circumstances its best to use the telephone as its time efficient instead of wondering around searching for people. †¢1.3 The different methods of communication to my and colleagues are by talking to one another, team meetings, by telephone, letters and even hand signals. These are all helpful in different circumstances such as when its extremely noisy in the workshop and a person is on the other side of the workshop, hand signals would be best in that situation. †¢2.1 To plan my sequence of work from the relevant information I am given I find out what materials I require, what tools I need to assist me through the job and what PPE I need to protect me from the dangers. †¢2.2 When starting a new job I firstly look for any mistakes in the drawing, once I am satisfied I then carry on by finding out what materials I require to complete the job and then finally retrieve all of my tools that I need to assist me through the work process until I complete the job. †¢2.3 Work is carried out to the workshop using job plans, risk assessments and all other procedures. The resources that I use are job sheets, shop plans, time sheets and drawings. To reduce carbon emissions, there is an extraction system installed into the workshop. †¢2.4 The way our workshop contributes to a low carbon emission environment is that we have extraction systems built throughout the workshop to keep the emission levels at a low level. †¢3.1 The required relevant documentation that I provide is my time sheet. It shows the amount of hours I have spent on a job so that the consultants can then get a price to give to the customers. †¢3.2 I maintain my drawings and time sheets by keeping them in a locked draw. Time sheets are required to be filled in and complete every week and has to be submitted on a Monday morning before 8:00am. †¢3.3 If I do not ensure that my time sheets are not handed in on time, I will not get paid at the end of the week. With my job sheets, if it’s not complete within the given hours the customer has to pay more as the labour cost raises. †¢4.1 I am very able to work productively to the agreed specification and inline with the line management, colleagues and relevant people involved by finding out if they are pleased with the work produced and the quality. †¢4.2 I find that everyone is equal and that no one should be treated different. People tend to treat apprentices with less respect than others as they are not qualified and think they are not capable. Apprentice or not, people should not be treated different. †¢4.3 To maintain a good working relationship in my place of work I do the work that is asked of me and in the required time and in a good quality. With individuals I get on with them by being polite and cleaning after myself. †¢4.4 I think it’s good to keep a good working relation ship with the line management and colleagues as it doesn’t make it a challenge to talk to them or ask them for any information that is required. †¢4.5 Getting on with the line management and other working colleagues is important because it can make your time there difficult and non bearable. It also doesn’t make it a challenge when needing to ask for information or a specification. †¢4.6 When working with others you must never treat them any different than you would like to be treated. You should never talk down to people or think of them as lower than you.

Coroporate finance Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Coroporate finance - Research Paper Example Ratio analysis uses data from the financial statements to develop financial formulas that calculate ratios. The purpose of this paper is to utilize ratio analysis to analyze the financial performance of Qatar Telecom Q.S.C. and Vodafone Qatar Q.S.C. during the last two years. Company profile Qatar Telecom Qatar Telecom is the leading telecommunications company in the small Persian Gulf country of Qatar. The company’s landline business operates in a monopoly market since the firm is the only company that provides that service. Some of the services that the company provides to its customers include landlines, wireless communication, internet, and cable television. The firm is a multinational corporation that operates in 17 countries. The majority ownership of the company is held by the government of Qatar who owns 55% of the firm. The remaining 45% is owned by private investors who openly trade their stocks in the Qatar Exchange. Company profile Vodafone Qatar Vodafone is a mult inational corporation in the telecommunication industry that operates in over 30 countries. The firm was founded in 1985. The company has over 403 million customers around the world. The firm has used strategic alliances and partnerships to expand its reach. Its global network of partners is composed of 50 companies. The firm is considered the 7th most valuable brand within its industry. The organization has a diversified portfolio of products and services which includes mobile, business, and marketing solutions. Overview ratio analysis The use of ratio analysis can help companies evaluate the financial performance of an enterprise. The analysis is considered a quantitative tool. One of the advantages of applying ratio analysis is that it is easy to use. Any person that has basic business knowledge can retrieve the financial statements of a company and calculate its ratios. Nine additional advantages of the use of ratio analysis are listed below: Helpful in decision making Helpful i n financial analysis and planning Helpful in communication Helpful in coordination Helps in control Helpful in shareholder’s decisions Helpful in creditor’s decisions Helpful in employees decisions Helpful in governmental decisions (Svtuition, 2011). Another virtue of the use of ratio analysis is its comparability. The ratios of different companies can be compare to evaluate which firm is the better investment alternative. The five major categories of ratios are liquidity, financial leverage, asset efficiency, profitability, and market value ratios. Ratio analysis Qatar Telecom A ratio analysis of Qatar Telecom for the years 2011 and 2012 is illustrated below. 2011 2012 Net margin 18.71% 13.79% Earnings per share QR 14.80 QR 9.88 Return on assets 5.82% 4.93% Return on equity 15.09% 12.60% Current ratio 1.01 1.05 Acid-test ratio 1.00 1.03 Working capital QR 304908000 QR 975749000 Debt ratio 0.61 0.61 Debt to equity 1.59 1.55 Qatar Telecom generated total revenues of QR 33.71 billion in 2012. The sales of the company increase by 6.14% in comparison with the previous year. The firm’s net income in 2012 was QR 5.94 billion. The organization was able to increase its net income by QR 1.3 billion since the previous year. The net margin of the company in 2012 was 13.79%. The net margin is a metric that measures the absolute profitability of the company. It is calculated by dividing net income by total sales.

Power of Language Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Power of Language - Essay Example It is not surprising that our native language is often referred to as our "mother tongue" a terms that recalls our earliest memories and influences. The term itself has different meanings. The sociolinguist Tove Skutnabb Kangas (1981) hypothesizes five definitions of "mother tongue" depending on who is defining it. For the sociologist, mother tongue is the language one learns first. For the linguist, it is the language one knows best. For the sociolinguist it is the language one uses the most. For the social psychologist, it is the language one identifies with and through which one is identified. For the lay person, it is "the language one counts in thinks in, dreams in, writes a diary in, and writes poetry in" (Skutnabb- Kangas, 1981: 18). Skutnabb- Kangas' social psychological definition of mother tongue brings out the importance of language as part of one's cultural identity. The mother tongue is the langue through which in the process of socialization one has required the norms and value systems of one's own group. The language passes on the cultural tradition of the group and there by gives the individual an identity which ties her to the in-group and at the same time sets her apart from other possible groups of reference.. Since this socialization process to a large extent occurs with the aid of language, language itself comes to constitute a symbolic representation of the group. Diversity in Language If just a few of the majority languages of the world solely existed, how tedious and uninteresting it would be. Rather, for the moment we have a language garden full of variety and color. The initial conclusion is simply that language diversity in the garden of the world makes for a richer, more interesting world with a depth of experience gained from a breadth of cultures. However, language diversity makes the garden more difficult to tend. In a garden, some flowers and shrubs spread quickly. Some majority languages, particularly English, have expanded considerably during the last century. When the garden is neglected, a few strong species of flower may take over, and small minority flowers may be in danger of extinction. Therefore some delicate flowers need extra care and protection. A free language economy will mean the extinction of many languages' Language planning is essential to avoid such trends. When a gardener wishes to create a beautiful garden, there will be both careful planning and continued care and protection. Sometimes radical action may be taken to preserve and protect. The analogy suggests that language diversity requires planning and care. If language resources are to be maintained and developed, of ensuring that the speaker of all languages value their language and take pride in their language skills. This will occur only if the society as a whole values those languages, recognizes and values language skills, and recognizes and values cultural and linguistic diversity. Value of diversity Linguistic Diversity helps sustain human existence. At times, medical cures are found in plans and flowers native to a particular region; knowledge about these cures comes from native speaking the local language. If the language disappears, the medical knowledge will disappear as well. Languages contain other types of knowledge; they express particular

Marketing plan Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Marketing plan - Term Paper Example SWOT analysis-------------------------------------------------------------------------8 6. Market positioning (BCG Matrix analysis)---------------------------------------10 6.1 Identifying the significant trends in the market--------------------11 7. Competitors------------------------------------------------------------------------------11 7.1 Differentiating Cool Pals from the closest competitors----------13 8. Micro-economic environmental factors--------------------------------------------14 9. Marketing and Branding strategies-------------------------------------------------14 9.1 The Products and its primary characteristics------------------------14 9.2 Branding strategies-----------------------------------------------------16 10. Advertising and integrated marketing communication-----------------------17 10.1 The effectiveness of the advertising and measurements-------17 10.2 Measurement of the advertising affects---------------------------19 10.3 The promotional strategies---- ---------------------------------------20 10.4 Measuring customer satisfaction------------------------------------20 10.5 The gaps in customer expectations and experience-------------21 11. Pricing and distribution strategy----------------------------------------------------21 11.1 The pricing strategy----------------------------------------------------21 11.2 Penetration versus Skimming pricing--------------------------------23 11.3 The other pricing tactics-----------------------------------------------24 11.4 Ethical and legal issues related to pricing---------------------------24 11.5 Distribution channel and strategy------------------------------------25 12. Future plans-----------------------------------------------------------------------------26 13. Conclusion-------------------------------------------------------------------------------26 14. Work cited------------------------------------------------------------------------------27 Introduction: Marketing is the pre-sales a ctivity which gives the live to a product so that it can be accepted by the customers. It is a phenomenal function which gives the identity to a product. Products are the tangible and intangible physical entities which cater to the needs and wants of the human society. Products are salable only after they blend with the virtue of the marketing activities. This particular paper focuses on the 360 degree marketing activity for a company which manufactures and retail innovative toys for the kids. Brief about the company: Cool Pals is the company which is expertise in manufacturing and innovating toys for the kids. The demographic profile chosen for the products of Cool Pals are boys and girls both aged between two to eighteen. The name itself presents the affection towards the kids. The company is in the market for the last four years. The primary markets are USA and Canada. The lion part of the revenue comes from the US market. The company is one of the most innovative toy making comp anies in the market. The sell their products through exclusive Cool Pals stores across USA and also through some selected retail outlets in US and Canada. The company is relatively new in the segment. However, it is privileged with the 15 percent market share in US toy market. The main successful formula of the

Chinese Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Chinese Culture - Essay Example The mere aroma of the Chinese food wafting through the streets draws people into the restaurants. Chinese cuisine is popular for its variety and nutritional significance. There are noodles, pasta, spaghetti, rice and tortillas that are served with lightly fried chicken and vegetables. Chicken goes perfect with stir-fried capsicums, onions and bamboo shoots. Soy sauce, chilli sauce, ajinomoto and pepper blend into one another to create the signature taste that is the characteristic feature of the Chinese cuisine. The best thing about the Chinese cuisine is the fact that vegetables are only lightly fried so that their nutritional significance as well as taste remains intact. In addition to having unique ingredients and a distinct style of cooking, Chinese people also have their own individualistic way of eating the food. Nobody in the world can play with the noodles the way Chinese people do with the sticks and yet make sure that not a single droplet of the sauce is splashed on their s hirt. Chinese dress is characterized by beauty combined with modesty. There is very little show-off of the skin. The fabrics are mostly made in silk and the prints are eye-catchy. Chinese people like to wear bright colors, preferably shiny in the look like gold, silver, and royal blue. The silky texture of the clothes lends a shine even to some of the dullest colors on Earth. Chinese women prefer to hold their hair in a tight bun that is held in place by a wooden stick. The traditional view of a Chinese woman is that of a doll wearing a foot length bright silky red and blue robe with a paper-fan in her hand. It is not that Chinese have adopted a unique culture, they are naturally meant to be different. They can create everything but not the looks. One can identify a Chinese amongst 100 people. They have large round faces with black lustrous eyes curled slightly upwards in the corners. You can hardly observe any eyelids in the Chinese! And that happens to be one of the secrets

Concretising your discussion with reference to specific examples, Essay

Concretising your discussion with reference to specific examples, identify and discuss the main components of the ideology of the artist - Essay Example The term Gramsci is given to this socialization process of influencing people’s perceptions of society (Lye 1997). The concept of ideology essentially means beliefs, whether true or false, in society that has become institutionalized so they can serve the interests of a ruling class. Ideological beliefs are similar to propaganda but vary in the way that they are much more deeply embedded in the peoples conscious and influences how a person thinks about the society he or she lives in. For example, Americans tend to have certain beliefs about the nature of the democracy but may find democracies elsewhere alien if they do not follow the same pattern. Some beliefs configure our actions, like going to the polls to elect our leaders turns out to be a duty. Critics might mention that these beliefs might actually work against most people for the obscure interests of those leaders who rule America. Assuming the critic is right, then those would be ideological beliefs and represent a "false consciousness" about American democracy. The issue raised with the notion of ideology implies that there are objective truths in the world that do not depend on our idea of them in order for them to be true. The natural sciences were for quite some time in history considered as the only dependable starting place of these objective truths. The first followers of the concept of ideology supposed that by employing scientific methods, the false beliefs of ideology could be uncovered. Early Greeks thinkers contested the idea of objective truth by saying that truth lies in the eye of the beholder and that science reveals no hidden truths about the world but only helps us in reshaping things in a manner that suits the needs of the elite ruling classes. Without a clear idea of objective truth, the whole idea of ideology appears unfeasible. In history the concept of ideology

Analysis of Mel Gibsons The Passion of the Christ Essay

Analysis of Mel Gibsons The Passion of the Christ - Essay Example The movie has been controversial since its release (Bock 1). Some of the critics argue that the extreme violence in the film hampers delivery of its message. Others argue on the authenticity of non – biblical material used in the film. Moreover, some question the historical accuracy of the film as others argue on its portrayal of the Jews. However, this paper focuses on the argument on the extent by the film follows the books of gospel in New Testament. The movie does not strictly follow the New Testament as revealed in the four Gospel books. This is because there are many incidences and events not covered within the Gospel books yet appear in the film. The first instance of controversies occurs in the Garden of Gethsemane when the movie commences. While Jesus was praying, Satan appears and attempts to distract him. However, he crushes a serpent under his heels (Bock 1). This scene clearly does not exist in any of the books of Gospel and thus, depicts the movie derives certain events from other sources other than the Bible. Consequently, the movie depicts Judas Iscariot being tormented by demons appearing as children to him (The Passion of the Christ). However, such a scene never exists in the Bible and thus is derived from other external sources. The film also uses the Latin language to communicate and develop the movie (Bock 1). However, during the time of the crucifixion of Christ, people of that time spoke Greek and not Latin. Thus, use of Latin language comes from an external source apart from the Bible. Further, the film focuses on the fragile relationship between Pontius Pilate with Tiberius Caesar. It occurs when Pontius discusses with his wife concerning imperial orders to curb Judean revolt. The scene whereby Pilate speaks with his wife is not biblical since in the book of Mathew, it comes out as a summary of dream of Pilate’s wife whereby she requests her

Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 14

Case Study Example The government wanted to establish a knowledge-based economy and technology-oriented, efficient and well-equipped libraries were one of the main pre-requisites for building such an economy. The advance in information search technologies was rendering the old libraries defunct, thus the call to upgrade them to meet the present and emerging needs of library users. The change was massive in that there was an overhaul of the entire management style from hierarchical to team-based approach. The culture of the library was also changed. From strategic standpoint, the change was aimed at increasing the competitiveness of public libraries by making it customer-centric, which would be equated to profit maximization in for-profit organization. The Singapore library system’s â€Å"customer† is the general public, which includes students, people with small business enterprises and individuals of various ethnic backgrounds. The â€Å"product† offered by the library include books and other collections that facilitate learning and promote cultural heritage. Initially, service delivery was through queuing for services and there was a lot of inefficiency. In order to reduce the lines for services, a self-service system was implemented in which self-checkout machines were used. Unlike the traditional libraries, the change ensure that Singaporeans accessed the libraries anytime and from anywhere by making available electronic information to users, which they could remotely access. The traditional service delivery remained unchanged. This is because the aim was to use technology to improve rather than replace traditional service delivery system. The retention of the traditional service delivery system was not a change failure, but an intentional move by the NLB. The major components of the change effort included the government, the community, the management and the entire staff of public libraries. The government provided financial support required for the

Aristotle Paper- Distinguishing the Definition Essay Example for Free

Aristotle Paper- Distinguishing the Definition Essay â€Å"A definition is an account, and every account has parts, and part of the account stands to part of the thing in just the same way that the whole account stands to the whole thing† (Aristotle 1034b20-22). This quote is how Aristotle defines a definition. So a definition is the statement of the essence of something. Defining something consists of starting with a genus and then breaking it down into species. A genus is a kind of a thing. A species is a more specific kind of something that is within a genus. Aristotle notices that something cannot be defined by its material components because each component can infinitely be broken down into more and more components(Aristotle 1035b9). Aristotle states the example- a circle can not be defined in terms of semicircles because semicircles would then have to be defined by quarter circles and so on, but a semicircle can be defined in terms of a circle because a circle is the simplest(Aristotle 1035b9). A genus is differentiated into species by dividing the genus into categories or certain types of the genus. Each of these categories or types within the genus are known as species. A species can also be a genus in that it too can be divided into specific categories or types. Those categories or types are also known as species, but can also be genus because they can further be divided into species. This pattern can go on infinitely. A ball is a substance that can be categorized into each setting of play that a ball is used on. So a ball can be categorized into something that is used to score on a soccer field, football field, baseball field, tennis court, basketball court, pool, and golf course. Each of these fields uses a specific type of ball. A golf course uses a golf ball. The definition of a golf ball is the ball that is used on a golf course. The essence of a golf ball is a ball. Work Cited Metaphysics. Trans. Hugh Tredennick. 2 vols. Loeb Classical Library 271, 287. Harvard U. -Press, 1933-35

Analysis of Media Text

Analysis of Media Text TMA02 The first analysed text is an article published in 2016 in Guardian: Maria Sharapova provisionally banned from tennis after revealing failed drug tests, written by Carpenter. (Appendix 1) This will be compared against Maria Sherapova hits out at the media coverage of failed drug test scandal, by N.Evans, published in Mirror in the same year. Despite the fact that these texts have some similarities, they also contain significant differences. Throughout the provided comparison. I will be highlighting process types as can be seen in Appendix 3 and 4. I will further on compare the two texts processes and separate them into categories, reflected in Table 1, which will lead to establishing the most often used verbal groups. Following step will be to identify the actors and material processes in order to establish the active participants. This is reflected in Table 2, as well as in Appendix 3 and 4. Upon collecting all the data I will then attempt to interpret and analyse the results. As mentioned above, in Table 1 the processes identified in each of the categories have been grouped. Both texts use heavily material processes, however, the Mirror text tends to have more verbal and mental processes. The next step in the process has been to identify the actors in both texts and grouping them into categories, as such: Maria Sherapova consisted of she, champion, the 28 year old, the former number one, substance, Wada, etc. The next step in the process has been to identify the actors in both texts and grouping them into categories, as such: Maria Sherapova consisted of she, champion, the 28 year old, the former number one, substance, Wada, etc. Table 3 is consisted of a comparison between text A and text B and the way goals are portrayed in each of the texts, also portrayed in Appendix 3 and 4. Material processes, as well as verbal processes are vital in helping writers assume a certain position regarding the subject of any communication. Upon analysing Table 1 we can see that there is a similar amount of material processes, however, in the second article, Maria is attributed a multitude of them: {..}hits out, .. has hit, tested, but in the same time the Mirror article contains more verbal and mental processes, such as Im proud, I hope, etc. In the first text, as mentioned before, there are plenty of material processes, this is because these are the main ways of providing an animated portrayal of participants and events. It plays a vital role in realizing the swaying function of the text. Restricting the usability of statements is one of the roles played by nominalization. The texts in both newspapers utilize nominalization to establish existence of prepositions before presenting arguments, which are certainly debatable in themselves. Nominalization usually transforms a deb atable process into something, which its existence is more complex to question. For example, in the Text B, people will believe is a good nominalization that is being used. On the other hand, she believed is a good example of nominalization used in Text A. As can be seen in Appendix 1 and 2, both articles are mostly focused on Maria Sherapovas failed drug tests. Through the relational process attributed to the tennis player, few athletes are like Sherapova, the author is helping readers to view participants in certain ways, in this case, as special athlete, that would admit her mistake in order to take control of the story (Appendix 1). The pronoun she is the most prevalent participants in the text by Carpenter (2016). On the other hand, the I pronoun is the most common participants in the text by Evans (2016). The pronouns are commonly employed as an actor in the material processes. Modality refers to the expression of probability. It is the grammars way of articulating the writers verdict, without making first person explicit. In the first text, modality is utilized to express his position regarding WADA decision about their chances of banning the drug. The writer says that the previous year WADA was studying the drug, and the athletes needed to take warning that the drug could be burned soon. On the other hand, on the Evans text, he writes that Sharapova that after ITF hearing, she will be allowed to play again. The will in this text represents the probability of her being allowed to participate in tennis game again. In both articles the themes has no personal element, which makes the texts extremely impersonalised. The main identified information providers are declaratives: Maria Sharapova has been provisionally banned from tennis (appendix 1), however the Carpenter article is at times empathetic towards Maria Sharapova, by comparing her with other Most sports stars try to hide positive tests for performance-enhancing drugs, hoping news will not break until a suspension is revealed (Appendix 1). The tone of the second article appears to be instigating adverse opinions: Tennis ace Maria Sharapova has hit out at some media accounts of her doping scandal in a furious open letter. (Appendix 1) APPENDIX 1 || Maria Sharapova provisionally banned from tennis || after revealing failed drugs test || || Maria Sharapova has been provisionally banned from tennis || after she revealed on Monday || she tested positive at the Australian Open for a recently banned drug [[ that she has been taking for 10 years for health reasons. ]] || || Sharapova claimed || she was prescribed meldonium by her doctor in 2006 || to deal with health issues such as an irregular heartbeat and a history of diabetes in her family. || But the substance was added to the banned list in January of this year || because Wada said || there was evidence of its use by athletes with the intention of enhancing performance. || || Sharapovas announcement is almost unprecedented for a top athlete. || Most sports stars try to hide positive tests for performance-enhancing drugs, || hoping news will not break || until a suspension is revealed. || But few athletes are like Sharapova || who has made herself into the highest-paid female in sport, > through a series of high-end endorsement deals. || The implication [[ that Sharapova has been cheating ]] can be a devastating blow to those deals. || By revealing the test results herself || she is attempting to take control of the story, || hoping that > || people will believe || she is being honest || and really was taking mildronate for health purposes. || || Meldonium was developed years ago in Latvia || to treat patients with heart conditions [[ brought on by a lack of oxygen in their blood. ]] || It has become popular with athletes || who use the oxygen-enhancers || to improve endurance, || especially when working out. || Last year Wada announced || that it was carefully studying the drug, || allowing athletes || to take it with the warning [[ that it could soon be banned.]] || A few months into that study Wada said || meldonium was being moved to 2016s banned list. || (Carpenter, L. (2016) Maria Sharapova provisionally banned from tennis after revealing failed drugs test, The Guardian) APPENDIX 2 || Maria Sharapova hits out at media coverage of failed drugs test scandal || || Tennis ace Maria Sharapova has hit out at some media accounts of her doping scandal in a furious open letter. || || The five times grand slam champion admitted || she tested positive for the banned drug meldonium at the Australian Open in January. || || The 28-year-old is facing a suspension of up to four years by the International Tennis Federation (ITF) || and has already lost numerous sponsorships in the aftermath. || || In a post on her Facebook account, the former world number one thanked her fans for their tremendous outpouring of support || before launching into a critique of [[ what [[ she believed ]] were some inaccurate reports. ]] ]] || || A report said || that I had been warned five times about the upcoming ban on the medicine [[ I was taking. ]] || That is not true || and it never happened, || Sharapova wrote. || || Russian Sharapova said || she was making no excuses || for not knowing about the ban [[ that went into effect on January 1, ]] || but said || that after the first announcement, other notices were buried in newsletters, websites, or handouts.|| Again, no excuses, || but its wrong || to say || I was warned five times, || said Sharapova, || who has said || she took the drug for 10 years due to a family history of heart issues and diabetes. || || The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) added meldonium to their banned substance list || after concluding [[ that it improves blood flow and || boosts exercise capacity. ]] || || Im proud of [[ how I have played the game.]] || I have been honest and upfront, || Sharapova said. || I look forward to the ITF hearing || at which time they will receive my detailed medical records. || I hope || I will be allowed to play again. || (Evans, N. (2016) Maria Sharapova hits out at media coverage of failed drugs test scandal, The Mirror) APPENDIX 3 Process RED Actor GREEN || Maria Sharapova provisionally banned from tennis || after revealing failed drugs test || || Maria Sharapova has been provisionally bannedMA from tennis || after she revealed V on Monday || she tested MA positive at the Australian Open for a recently banned drug [[ that she has been taking MA for 10 years for health reasons. ]] || || Sharapova claimedV || she was prescribed MA meldonium by her doctor in 2006 || to deal MA with health issues such as an irregular heartbeat and a history of diabetes in her family. || But the substance was added MA to the banned list in January of this year || because Wada said V || there was R evidence of its use by athletes with the intention of enhancing performance. || || Sharapovas announcement is almost unprecedented R for a top athlete. || Most sports stars try MA to hide MA positive tests for performance-enhancing drugs, || hoping M news will not break R || until a suspension is revealed R . || But few athletes are like R Sharapova || who has made R herself into the highest-paid female in sport, > through a series of high-end endorsement deals. || The implication [[ that Sharapova has been cheating MA ]] can be R a devastating blow to those deals. || By revealing V the test results herself || she is attempting R to take control R of the story, || hoping M that > || people will believe M || she is being honest R || and really was taking MA mildronate for health purposes. || || Meldonium was developed MA years ago in Latvia || to treat MA patients with heart conditions [[ brought on by a lack of oxygen in their blood. ]] || It has become R popular with athletes || who use MA the oxygen-enhancers || to improve MA endurance, || especially when working out MA. || Last year Wada announced V || that it was carefully studying MA the drug, || allowing MA athletes || to take it MA with the warning [[ that it could soon be banned R.]] || A few months into that study Wada said V || meldonium was being moved MA to 2016s banned list. || (Carpenter, L. (2016) Maria Sharapova provisionally banned from tennis after revealing failed drugs test, The Guardian) APPENDIX 4 Process RED Actor GREEN || Maria Sharapova hits out at media coverage of failed drugs test scandal || || Tennis ace Maria Sharapova has hit out MA at some media accounts of her doping scandal in a furious open letter. || || The five times grand slam champion admitted V|| she tested MA positive for the banned drug meldonium at the Australian Open in January. || || The 28-year-old is facing MA a suspension of up to four years by the International Tennis Federation (ITF) || and has already lost MA numerous sponsorships in the aftermath. || || In a post on her Facebook account, the former world number one thanked V her fans for their tremendous outpouring of support || before launching MA into a critique of [[ what [[ she believed ]] were MA some inaccurate reports. ]] ]] || || A report said V || that I had been warned R five times about the upcoming ban on the medicine [[ I was taking. ]] || That is not true R || and it never happened MA, || Sharapova wrote MA. || || Russian Sharapova said V || she was making V no excuses || for not knowing M about the ban [[ that went into effect on January 1, ]] || but said V || that after the first announcement, other notices were MA buried in newsletters, websites, or handouts.|| Again, no excuses, || but its wrong R|| to say V || I was warned MA five times, || said V Sharapova, || who has said V || she took MA the drug for 10 years due to a family history of heart issues and diabetes. || || The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) added MA meldonium to their banned substance list || after concluding MA [[ that it improves blood flow and || boosts MA exercise capacity. ]] || || Im proud M of [[ how I have played the game.]] || I have been R honest and upfront, || Sharapova said V. || I look forward M to the ITF hearing || at which time they will receive MA my detailed medical records. || I hope R || I will be allowed MA to play MA again. || (Evans, N. (2016) Maria Sharapova hits out at media coverage of failed drugs test scandal, The Mirror)

Intel The Corporation :: essays papers

Intel The Corporation "A corporation is a business that, although owned by one or more investors, legally has the rights and duties of an individual. Corporations have the right to buy, sell, and own property. Corporations may make legal contracts, hire and fire workers, set prices, and be sued, fined, and taxed. A business must obtain a charter of incorporation from a state legislature or Congress to be legally recognized as a corporation."(Watson, p211) While corporations didn't exist until the mid to late 1800s, the idea of the corporation had existed since the early 1600s. It all started with English merchants who started trading companies to help fund the early colonies. If the colonies thrived, the stockholders reaped in the profit. (Watson, p211) A corporation is started when a sole proprietorship, a one-owner business, that is the most common form of business institution in the US, or a partnership, an association of two or more people in order to run a business, decides that they don't want to be personally responsible for any loss the company might have. (Watson, p211) Or they might decide that they want the company to "live on" after they die, that is for the business to have "unlimited life". Since neither of these goals can be reached with a sole proprietorship, or a partnership, the owner (or owners, as the case may be) decide that he (they) want to "convert" their business to a corporation. The owner(s) file a charter of incorporation from the government to be legally recognized as a corporation. (Boyd, March, 99) The owner(s) then sell shares of stock, documents representing ownership in the corporation, to investors. These investors buy and sell the stock to small investors, or stockholders. Since there is no li mit to the number of shareholders to a company, the investors vote (for every share you own you get one vote) on a board of directors. The board of directors are in charge of hiring the people responsible for the every-day running of the corporation. These positions include, but are not limited to: the president, vice president, and other chief administrators. (Watson, p211-212) If a corporation reaps a profit, investors may receive a dividend, or a share of the monetary gain made by the company. The elected board of directors choose whether the money will go towards profit, expansion of the company, modernization of the company, or research and development.

nixon :: essays research papers

The Nixon Memo is a case study of Richard Nixon's quest for political rehabilitation by Marvin Kalb. At issue is the key role of this former president of the United States who is best known for his involvement in the famous Watergate scandal. Nixon was trying to clean up his name in the post-cold war debate about aiding Russia in its uncertain revolution. Kalb, begins his book on March 10, 1992. Nixon had just written a private memo critical of President George Bush's policy toward Russia to his closest friends in hopes of a leak. The memo leaked and exploded on the front page of The New York Times. Nixon attacked President George Bush, by using the press to convey his ideas of what should be done with the falling Giant, Russia. Kalb goes on to show how the conventional wisdom on United States foreign policy is shaped by the insider's game of press/politics to manipulation. This story of Nixon's efforts to pressure the White House, by way of the press, into helping Boris Yeltsin and Russia â€Å"Marvin Kalb read the documents behind the Nixon memo and interviewed scores of journalists, scholars, and officials in and from Washington and Moscow.† Drawing on his years of experience as a diplomatic correspondent, for NBC he identifies the press and politics in the fashioning of public policy. With the memo criticizing the president of the United States in 1992 this helped dictate the outcome of the presidential election. It put Bush as an outsider to a then up and coming Bill Clinton. With all the information out on the memo, such as the media coverage the information had to be exact knowing the significance of the topic. Marvin Kalb, portrayed Nixon perfectly as in what kind of a man he was, a leader, and a fallen president. Kalb stated that â€Å"no other president would have been able to take the embarrassment, and hounding he took from the media, others faded away while he continued to express his views† (p.9). This memo served Nixon as his last way to soften his name in history.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Kalb made it clear early on in his writings that he was on the hate list of Nixon throughout his candidacy, such as his house being wire-tapped, along with his work office for NBC. But he gave credit to how Nixon played the media for what they were worth.

Networking Computer Systems :: Computer Networks

Networking Computer Systems A network is a group of two or more computer systems sharing services and interacting in some manner. In most cases, this interaction is accomplished through a shared communication link, with the shared components being data. Put simply, a network is a collection of machines that have been linked both physically and through software components to soothe communication and the sharing of information. To make the communications between two or more computers work, several things need to be in place. First, some type of physical connection mechanism has to exist between the computers involved. Normally, this mechanism is a wire or cable of some kind or a transceiver that can both transmit and receive information attached to or built into your computer. The idea of computer networking is new to some people and almost always seen as a highly technical and rapidly evolving process. Every day, computer professionals are called upon by their employers to evaluate, judge, and implement t he technologies necessary for the rapid communication of dissimilar groups in order to enhance productivity or lessen complexity within the organization's processes. Most see the task as a formidable one, and many feel they are not qualified or fully prepared to drive the creation of a Local Area Network (LAN) or Wide Area Network (WAN). The type of network you can create is often determined by the network operating system you use. Like a regular operating system for your PC, a network operating system coordinates how all the individual software application on a network work and how the network interacts with the hardware attached to it. Sharing data is made much easier when a network is involved. People are more productive because several people enter data at the same time and can also evaluate and process the shared data. The effective use of networks can turn a company into an agile, powerful, and creative organization, giving it a long-term competitive advantage. Networks can be used to share hardware, programs, and databases across the organization. They can transmit and receive information to improve organizational effectiveness and efficiency. They enable geographically separated workgroups to share documents and opinions, which fosters teamwork, innovative ideas, and new business strategies (Stair, Reynolds 269). Getting computers connected and speaking the same language may be somewhat interesting for some people, but it’s really just a necessary evil to get to the good stuff.

Gender in ‘The Importance of Being Earnest’ Essay

Dramatic comedy originated in Ancient Greece in 5th century BC, centred around loose plot lines and exploiting certain situations through parody, farce and mockery. Comedy started developing in 4th Century BC where intricate plot lines were introduced, commonly based around love and romance and usually culminating in a satisfactory and happy resolution. This is much like the structure of ‘The Importance of Being Earnest’ as the play revolves around the growing relationships of both Jack and Gwendolen and Algernon and Cecily. Oscar Wilde has reversed the roles of gender in this play, the females are those who take the lead and are seen as the most dominant characters throughout – a very bizarre layout in a time period where men were seen as the head of the family and the most assertive figure. Lady Bracknell is the most domineering character throughout the play, and this a result of the eloquent and rather unnatural language she uses. She takes on the role of her h usband in Act 1 when Jack asks for Gwendolen’s hand in marriage- â€Å"I feel obliged to tell you that you are not down on my list of eligible young men† this was often the father’s role. Throughout the conversation it is quite apparent that Lady Bracknell holds all the power, and Wilde does this through all the questions she asks. Additionally, her questioning seems rather irrelevant and ridiculous at times, she asks â€Å"Do you smoke?† to which Jack admits he does and Lady Bracknell replies â€Å"I am glad to hear it. A man should always have an occupation of some kind†. Here the addictive habit that Jack has taken up is being compared to a profession and is creating humour due to the nature of the question and how much apparent importance it holds. It seems as though Wilde is using Lady Bracknell to â€Å"mock those in authority† [1] by presenting her as a character with no real agenda to her long and painful questioning – other than to talk. In Act 3, Lady Bracknell makes another appearance, which only highlights her towering force in the play. She has come to Jack’s house in the country to retrieve Gwendolen and take her home and makes it quite clear that her husband does not know where Gwendolen really is â€Å"Her unhappy father is, I am glad to say, under the impression that she is attending a more than lengthy lecture by the University Extension Scheme on the influence of a  permanent income on Thought. I do not propose to undeceive him.† This would have been seen as quite unusual at a time where wives wouldn’t have gone behind their husband’s backs, thus reinforcing Lady Bracknell’s authoritative demeanour and leaving the audience amused. Furthermore, Wilde’s portrayals of both Gwendolen and Cecily run parallel to one another. They mirror each other and are the assertive half of their relationships with Jack and Algernon. This is first shown between Jack and Gwendolen when Jack proposes. Jack announces his love for Gwendolen and she in turn, offers it back. Jack then says â€Å"..I mean we must get married at once. There is no time to be lost.† To which Gwendolen replies â€Å"†¦But you haven’t proposed to me yet. Nothing has been said at all about marriage.† Gwendolen is taking control of the situation and is expressing what she desires – for Jack to then grant her, her wishes. This is the same scene where Jack lies about his name once again to Gwendolen. â€Å"Selfishness and servility are the moral alternatives presented† – Katherine Worth. Gwendolen admits she could never love anyone with the name ‘Jack’ for â€Å"there is very little music in the name Jack†. This, to the audience seems rather pompous and shallow and is why it is humorous. And after all that Gwendolen has said, Jack does indeed go along with this though, and continues to call himself Ernest. In the scene where Cecily and Algernon first meet, Algernon also lies about his true identity – he introduces himself as Jack’s brother, Ernest. Whilst Cecily and Algernon are talking in the garden, Jack arrives home. He confides in Miss Prism and Chasuble that his younger brother ‘Ernest’ died in Paris of a severe chill. At this moment in time, the audience are taking great pleasure at the fact that they know something the characters do not – that Jack’s so called brother is in the garden. Afterwards, Cecily confesses to Algernon that they have been engaged for the past three months, and Algernon submissively accepts this to be both true and normal. This is the first indication of who the most assertive figure is in their relationship. The fact that Cecily writes to herself, on the behalf of ‘Ernest’ is rather ridiculous, and once again Algernon goes through with this. She continues on to tell him when their engagement was broken off, she  says â€Å"It would hardly have been a really serious engagement if it hadn’t have been broken off at least once. But I forgave you before the week was out† she talks about how their engagement wouldn’t have been ‘serious’, although it had never even happened and this displays marriage to be not all that serious in itself. In reply to this, Algernon thanks her for forgiving him – for something he did not do, â€Å"What a perfect angel you are Cecily.† This only highlights that he is inferior to her. When Cecily and Gwendolen meet each other at Jacks house in the country, a lot of confusion is caused for they both think they are engaged to the same man. But before they stumble across this realisation, they become ‘friends’ instantly Gwendolen says â€Å"..Something tells me that we are going to be great friends† to which Cecily replies â€Å"How nice have you to like me so much after we have known each other such a comparatively short amount of time.† The girls then find out they are ‘in competition’ with one another and their ‘friendship’ turns sour. This is comical due to the fact that just a few seconds ago they were very friendly and lovely to one another. When both Jack and Algernon approach and the matter is cleared up that neither one of them is ‘Ernest’ and that they have been lying to the women, Cecily and Gwendolen’s relationship takes a u-turn, not back to friendship, but to sisterhood. This was foreshadowed in Act 1 where Algernon says â€Å"Women only call themselves sister when they have called each other a lot of other things first†. Cecily and Gwendolen storm off into the house and Algernon and Jack cowardly hold back, where Algy begins to scoff the muffins and they start to blame one another for what just happened and it takes them a while before they approach the women in the house. However when they do it also doesn’t take long for both women to forgive them, they contradict themselves frequently in the process: Gwendolen – â€Å" But we will not speak first† Cecily – â€Å"Certainly not† Gwendolen – â€Å"Mr Worthing, I have something very particular to ask you. Much depends on your reply.† The irony of the situation is what is so amusing, the women cannot stay silent and wait for the men to speak, once again they have to be in control of the situation. However, the play began in â€Å"turmoil but (ended) in harmony† [2] as both couples were happily reunited. All throughout the play, women like to think they are the leaders and the superior, and on the surface they do appear to be, with their high demands being answered and always leading the conversations in which ever way they wish but at the end of the day, they always forgive or accept only what a man can offer, even if they demanded more. Bibliography: [1] Barbara Bleiman, Anna Sarchet and Lucy Webster: â€Å"Studying comedy† (2012) [2] Susan Snyder: â€Å"The Cambridge companion to Shakespeare† (2001)

Carpe Diem Essay

Seizing the day has a profound meaning behind it, in Latin it is known as Carpe Diem. Carpe Diem refers to having no fear to do something, taking chances and risks. In the movie â€Å"The Dead Poets Society† a character named Knox has a crush on a girl, while she was already dating another guy. Knox was trying to seize the day by trying to spend time with her. There are many more examples of carpe diem in this exceptional movie, but this I feel is the most pertinent. Many of the poems that we read in class were also related to the live life like it is the last. The movie and the other poems are key in explaining what carpe diem really means. â€Å"The Dead Poets Society† is a great example of seizing the day. Knox taking risks, asking a football player’s girlfriend on a date shows that he has no fear. He had no fear of the consequences that would probably occur if he was ever caught. In another example of the movie, a character Neil defied his father by going into acting. Neil’s father told him that he did not want Neil to go into acting, and become a doctor. Neil went against his father, and was the lead in a play. Neil seized the day by doing the play, and hope that his father would find forgiveness in him. These examples from â€Å"The Dead Poets Society† are great examples of what carpe diem signifies. Another example of carpe diem is the great number of poems that we read in class. These poems also stated the same as the movie and that was to live life to the fullest as soon as possible. The poem such as â€Å"O captain, my captain† by Walt Whitman expressed carpe diem, which is why it was a major part of the movie â€Å"The Dead Poets Society†. This poem was related to Lincoln and the civil war, about taking chances and to seize the day. Other poems stressed that we are not on this earth forever and time is going by fast, so now is the time to seize the day. Poems that we read stressed the meaning of carpe diem, especially the poem by Walt Whitman. These examples of the poems that we read in class, and the examples that came out of the movie are great examples of what seizing the day really means. The example of Knox having no fear whatsoever by dating another guy’s girlfriend, shows that he is taking chances and wants to seize the day before it is too late. The poems we read such as â€Å"o captain, my captain† also show seizing the day as well. So overall carpe diem refers to do not wait until it is too late, if there is an opportunity take it and seize day no matter what the risks or consequences.

Across Five Aprils

In the book Across Five Aprils, by Irene Hunt, is set in the 1800’s during the civil war between the Union, the northern parts of America, and the confederation, the southern parts of America. The story sets off on a farm in southern Illinois, where Jethro and his mother, Ellen Creighton, live with his 8 siblings. As the war escalates, Jethro’s older brothers and his teacher go to help the war effort. Most of his brothers join the Union but Bill, his favorite brother, goes to join the Confederation. As the story progresses each of the brothers send mails to the family describing how to warfront is doing, which was contrary to how the newspapers described the warfront. After every victory and every loss, the public opinion about the war and the Generals change from the slightest bit of news they hear. In the early stages of the war, Ulysses S. Grant early victories for the Union at Fort Henry and Fort Donelson. The family celebrates the victory, knowing nothing of how terrible the battles truly were. After General Grant’s victories, people start to doubt and compare General McClellan, who was once featured in the newspaper in the north as being a â€Å"Brilliant† General. Later on in the war, the Union forces suffer great losses and General Grant is harshly criticized by the press, who is later praised by the press and the people after the Battle of Gettysburg. This shows how easily influenced people are. They harshly criticize or overly glorify after every battle and change their opinions about the Generals. Jethro shows his distrust to the press and other people’s opinions when he is asked if he is going against General Grant. He replies by saying â€Å"No, I ain’t. Things went against him-â€Å"(Ch6 pg. 100). As the war is raging throughout the land, Jethros family receives letters from his brothers. In those letters they describe the terrors of war but try to moderate how much they put in the letter to not make the family worry. Jethro watches as people are overjoyed by the victories and angry about losses. Jethro realizes that there is great contrast between the victories described by his brothers and the victories described in the newspapers. At the near end of the war, Jethro watches as the same people who criticized grant and the Union, cheer and say that â€Å"I told you so – old Unconditional Surrender Grant is the man who will win the war. †(Ch10 pg. 168). This demonstrates how easily people are swayed and how easily they are able change their opinions.

Lama Surya Das and the American Dharma

Buddhism is gaining popularity and acceptance with the American public. This could be credited to the immigrants to the USA wherein some of them brought with them their culture and religion and influenced the Americans to follow them. According to Lama Surya Das, there are many factors that influenced the acceptance of Buddhism in the western countries and this acceptance lead to a unique American Buddhism. His article â€Å"Ten Emerging Trends of Western Dharma† details the characteristics of the American Buddhism that sets its identity and tells how and why Buddhism was accepted by the American community.According to Das, American Buddhism is unique since it is meditation-based such that understanding of life and personal growth is attained. It is made it more accessible to the masses and gender equality is promoted. Some of the ways of the traditional Buddhism are also omitted to make it simpler and other meditation practices are accepted to make it more appealing. Spiritua l development is also focused to promote good psychological and emotional welfare. Exploring beyond the doctrines of Buddhism is also promoted to allow independence and self development.Spiritual communities are also encouraged to strengthen the links with each other and to develop a sense of moral and social obligation. These premises can depict the American Buddhism as different from other forms of Buddhism. This difference could then be attributed to the fact that the Americans have a different cultural background and environment such that they accepted and did only those components of Buddhism that fits them. However, Das’ premises contain some vague ideas that are insufficient to say that there is a unique American Buddhism.Some forms of Buddhism are also meditation-based, some also observe gender equality, some are also focused on the spiritual development of a person and some are also promoting spiritual communities to inculcate a sense of moral and social obligation. Omission of a component and focusing on other components doesn’t always mean that it is already a new thing. It is still patterned from the original and the difference was just due to the attitude of the people accepting it.It’s like in the revival of a classic song into a different genre, the song could have a slightly different tune or tempo, but that doesn’t make the song a new song. It was just revived and remodeled to fit the preference of the listening public. Nevertheless, Das stressed that those are just trends he observed and the existence of a genuine American Buddhism has a long way to go. But still, if his trends would be more unambiguous, it is possible that a new form of Buddhism could really take form in America.It is important to note that the acceptance of Buddhism in America is slow. This could be attributed to the fact that America is largely a Christian country, with teachings different from that of Buddhism. However, if Das’ trends ar e accurate, such that American Buddhism is non-sectarian and is open to anyone, it is possible that the American public’s reaction could shift and accept it for the meditation and the other benefits. It is most likely to happen nowadays since American life is a very busy and stressful life.If the practices of the American Buddhism could fit in with the lifestyle of the Americans, more people could be influenced to follow its teachings and practices. It will then be a few steps closer to achieving a genuine American Buddhism. Nonetheless, if the openness of the American Buddhism to other traditions and Das’ argument about Buddhism being not a religion would be pointed out, it will appear that American Buddhism would not materialize as a different religion. This means that the American Dharma would just look like a program or routine that will fit in the lifestyle of the Americans.This is because the people who would practice the Dharma would not need to convert themselv es and retain their former religion. They would follow the Dharma just for the meditation and the enlightenment it brings. This would then make it very appealing to the American Public and make it recruit more followers since it would easily fit in their lives. To sum it all up, I can say that genuine American Buddhism still has a long away to reality. But still, the efforts those people who brought Buddhism to America will not be a waste, and they would be able to harvest the fruit of their labors.

Viewpoint against childhood obesity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Viewpoint against childhood obesity - Essay Example This is a worrying trend because childhood obesity has undesirable personal and social implications hence the need to avert the condition in America. An obese child would be exposed to psychosocial problems. As noted by Green, Hargrove and Riley, such children would always be ridiculed and tormented by their peers. The problem has been noted to be even worse among girls known to be keen on their body images. This could even cause depression among such children. Such children become constant targets for social discrimination, which, coupled with their low self esteem, could hamper normal social functioning and academic success. Moreover, and even more important to note is the fact that obesity is associated with a myriad of medical complications. Childhood obesity has been associated respiratory ailments, hypertension, high cholesterol, orthopedic problems and depression. As noted by Barbour, about 70% of obese children have a risk factor of contracting a cardiovascular disease while 39% have more than one of such factors. Green, Hargrove and Riley indicate that type 2 diabetes has been on the increase among African American children as a result of obesity. Other health risks associated with childhood obesity include sleep apnea, hepatic steatosis and asthma. As such, this impacts on the government spending on healthcare. As noted by Green, Hargrove and Riley, the estimates for healthcare associated to childhood obesity was about $71 billion between 2008 and 2009. This informed a national healthcare organization known as Healthy People 2010 to seek to reduce the number of obese children aged 6 to 19 to 16% by the year 2020. To develop appropriate preventive measures, it would be critical to understand the causes of obesity. Basically, obesity results from an imbalance between the consumed calories and the calories used for growth and development, physical activity and metabolism according to Barbour. This could be caused by an

Relationship between mothers age , birth weight and gestation Essay

Relationship between mothers age , birth weight and gestation - Essay Example post natal weight loss.The mothers socio-economic status has been listed as a major factor underlying low birth weights though other factors have been documented. While there is a strong correlation between birth weight and gestation period, the birth weight and age correlation seem to be an interesting as we would like to know at which age are mothers more healthy at giving birth. Age and parity affects the weight of the fetus though there is low correlation between the mother’s age and weight of fetus (Jen, 1969 p.187). It has also been shown that the birth weight average for first born babies in very young couples is low (Mary and Perose n.d. p.150). It is known that the age of the mother will affect the conditions necessary for good fetal birth weights. Hypothesis; mothers age greater than 35 give low birth weight 50 sets of data containing age of mothers and the birth weight of their corresponding babies were systematically sampled from a sample of 1148 entries at the oxford street hospital. Samples were picked at intervals of 23 to constitute a representative sample. The samples were analyzed using Microsoft excel software. Table 1 is a representative sample of the data collected for the analysis. From figure 1 and figure 2 it can be observed that the sample is normal distribution and therefore statistical methods of analyzing the data can be applied. From the stem and leaf diagram we can tell that most mothers were in their 20’s whereas only two mothers were below 20years of age. From table 1 we can estimade that the mean, mode and median will likely fall within the 20’s age group. The mean birth weight was 3.46 Kg whereas the mean age for the mothers was 29.16 years. The median for the birth weights of the population was 3.42 Kg and the median age was 28 years. The most common birth weight was 3.32Kg and the common mother’s age 23 years. 25% of the birth weights were below 3.19, whereas half of the birth weights were below3.42 and 75% of the

The Theory of Corporate Finance Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

The Theory of Corporate Finance - Assignment Example The company's pricing data revealed that the Staples planned to establish their monopoly, and wanted to increase the prices of their product 13% after the merger. The merger was therefore criticized and blocked by the trading regulatory organizations, this saved 'consumers an estimated $1.1 billion over five years' (Yang, 2005), which otherwise would have been spent towards high prices. The acquisition and merger of the supplier with the reseller are regarded as a vertical merger. In the case of the vertical merger, both the parties are involved in the buyer-seller relationship. The acquisition of the Medico Container Services by Merck is regarded as a vertical merger. The regulatory authorities have appreciated exercises of vertical mergers. It is expected that consumers are also able to benefit from the vertical mergers, because such activities i.e. the integration of the supply chain, increase the efficiencies, the prices stabilize and quality of the services also improve. The mer ger of the Time Warner Inc. and Turner Corp., which are entirely different entertainment networks, has improved the services of the entertainment giants greatly. The regulatory authorities expressed their concerns that Time Warner after merger will be reluctant to offer and sell its video programs to other competitors of the cable TV companies, and Turner Corp. will have extra benefit through such bargains of merger, and Turner Corp. will be offered to programme right at discriminatory rates, therefore both the companies will establish their monopolies against other competitors including Direct Broadcast Satellite and new wireless cable technologies. The regulatory authority also feared that the merger will affect competition in the production of video programming; the merger will allow Time-Turner to refuse the services of transmission by competitors. The regulatory authority, therefore, approved the merger as it was likely to improve the services, but ' Direct Broadcast Satellite and new wireless cable technologies' (Yang, 2005). The Corporate Diversification has been discussed in detail by the financial economists, the analysts are of the opinion that corporate diversification has a lesser degree of favorable impact in judging the benefits of diversification for different reasons. The primary reason is that 'any diversification possibilities that corporations might have, will, in a perfect capital market, already have been exhausted through shareholders' individual portfolio choices' (Yang, 2005). The secondary reason is that the diversification discount i.e. the diversified corporations have the privilege to trade at discounted rates as compared to their non-diversified counterparts. It has been therefore concluded that corporate diversification is neutral, but has the potential to damage strategy. Surprisingly, the corporate diversification has been strong practice, 'At face value, diversification can be explained by the fact that when pooling income stre ams that are less than perfectly positively correlated, the resulting income stream is less volatile than were the constituent income streams' (Yang, 2005). The dilution of the risk factor, therefore, has the potential to be beneficial. The critics of the corporate diversification are of the opinion that any reduction that can be achieved through diversification, by any of the firms, 'can be replicated by the individual shareholders through an appropriately chosen portfolio'.

Religious views on abortion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Religious views on abortion - Essay Example There are differing opinions about the issue among various denominations and religions. A survey done by the Pew Forum on Religion and Public life has shown the statistics behind these differing opinions. In the debate concerning legalizing abortion, the general consensus among most religions is that there should be a restriction on abortion. It was found that 68% of evangelical Protestants think that abortion should not be allowed. It was also found that only about 43% of Catholics believe that abortion should be illegal. (Geoffrey, 1996) Generally speaking Buddhists strongly believe that abortion is immoral and incorrect. This is because their religion is founded on the sanctity and respect for life. There must be a respect for their five ethical guidelines. One of them discourages the destruction of life. The religion believes that there should be a high regard of all beings that have life in them. There is a non violence belief that must not be violated by all Buddhists. The other main reason why abortion is strongly opposed in Buddhism is due to a special ceremony performed by its adherents. It is called Mizuko Kuyo. This ceremony is a service designed for victims of abortions, miscarriages and stillbirths. Here, parents of the dead visit a shrine and perform this ceremony with the main intention of gaining reassurance, appeasing the spirit of the dead fetus and to grief for their dead. This ceremony is usually conducted in a specific way. The ceremony was started about thirty years ago when unavoidable circumstances forced individuals to perform abortions. It was founded on the belief that those souls who died in the process of abortion would cause retribution after the mistreatment they faced from their parents. (James, 1998) It should however be noted that there are special circumstances when it can be considered okay for mothers to abort. This was stated by one of their well known leaders; Tenzin Gyatso. This leader believes that if the fetus will grow up to be mentally retarded and if there is a danger of the parent's death during child birth, then it can be considered permissible for an abortion to occur. Just like any other religion, all Buddhists do not share the same view on this controversial topic. There are conservatives and liberalists. Those who are more tolerant believe that abortions can be done only under special circumstances. But majorities do not support it at all. (James, 1998) Hinduism and abortion The Hindu religion has a no-tolerance view on abortion. This is because they adhere to the belief that life begins at inception. They classify abortion as a sin; it is a form of murder and causes souls of the unborn to be hindered from normal progress in the journey of life. This concept was emphasized by one of their gods called Chiranjeevin. This god performed an abortion and was cursed by another god Krishna to suffer eternally. (James, 1999) Because to every rule there is an exception, there is a low level of tolerance fro the practice. This is due to the fact that there is a general preference for male children in the Hindu culture. Consequently, mothers who find out that they are

Marketing plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 6

Marketing plan - Essay Example However, the company was acquired by Asher Budwig in the year 2011, but the brand name of Lola’s cupcakes continued to exist and the parent company decided to continue the business operations with the same vigour and focus on quality and design (Lola’s cupcakes, 2015b). The contemporary issues faced by the company are on the grounds of health issues. The cupcake and bakery industry has faced certain challenges owing to the changing consumer perception towards healthy diets. The rise in obesity rates in UK has made the customers to shift to food items with less sugar content or lower calorific value (BBC, 2014). Since, cupcakes have high quantity of sugar and can be considered to be a source of obesity so they have faced significant health issues. Moreover, from the point of view of the food consumption pattern of the customers it has been found that the customers, who prefer to eat halal, do not eat gelatinous cakes (Lola’s cupcakes, 2015a). Thus in order to target a wider range of customers Lola cupcakes need to offer a new range of products that offer non-gelatinous products. The target market of Lola cakes has been selected be all across London. The company has decided to target the customers based on their demographic and psychographic profile. The product category of bespoke designer cupcakes is targeted at the young population with the age group ranging in between 12-30 years. Based on the pricing of Lola cupcakes, the products are targeted at the middle and upper middle class of the society, which as a result allows the company to target a wide customer base (Lola’s cupcakes, 2015d). However, the narrow product offering also decreases the opportunity of the company to widen the customer base and target customers from several other demographic segments. The bespoke cupcakes are quite popular among the people with a â€Å"sweet tooth†, thus it can be stated that

Marketing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 9

Marketing - Assignment Example Most of the products fail because of unattractive features, exceptional high price, wrong segmentation, positioning, targeting, inappropriate promotional strategies, lack of top management support, lack of relevance in the market etc. Whereas main reasons behind the success of a product include excellent product features, value for money, proper marketing strategies, full support from top management etc. There are number of stages involved in the development of a new product. These are idea generation, idea Screening, concept development and testing, marketing strategy and financial analysis, product development, test marketing, commercialization. Each of these stages is discussed below. The entire process of new product development starts from idea generation stage. New ideas might be generated from companys internal employees, customers, suppliers, distributors and even from competitors. In this stage concept of the chosen idea is developed and it is tested in the sample customers. Any further modification in the product features are done on the basis of the responses from these customers. Marketing strategies would include strategies on 4 Ps (product, price, place and promotion), segmentation, targeting, positioning and sales. Financial analysis would involve analysis of total cost of production, sales, and distribution. Financial analysis would also involve the analysis of required profit margin based on which the price will be

Richard Nixion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Richard Nixion - Essay Example It is high time that the American masses must recognize the achievements of Richard M. Nixon as an astute president and a great leader. Presidents like other common people, simply cannot choose the families in which they should be born. Richard Nixon certainly had a troubled childhood lacking in any form of motherly love and affection (Powell, 1999). An ill-tempered father who did not hesitate from exposing his progeny to blatant abuse and intimidation further worsened this situation (Powell, 1999). The battered and gloomy childhood of Nixon was further burdened by his father's panache for endowing his children with grandiose names owing origins to the English kings (Powell, 1999). Hence, Nixon always had to face bitter circumstances on the personal side of his life, giving way to an anxiety driven mindset obsessed by a yearning to win acclaims and honors from the people he intended to serve. Analyzed in such a backdrop, the achievements of Nixon as a man and a leader definitely stand to be tremendous and remarkable. Primarily, Nixon was a polished politician. In fact, there is no denying the reality that Nixon was a politician par excellence, who started exhibiting his tact and ingenuity right from the start of his career (Small, 2003). The politics of Nixon was always a mix of passion and drive. He successfully fructified his very first campaign for a congressional seat by tactfully revealing the left wing affiliations of his opponent. He established himself as a worthy tactician and strategist who was known for his strong anti-communist leanings, a trait that secured his candidature for the vice-presidency in 1952 (Pious, 2002). In the presidential campaign in 1952, he singlehandedly turned the tables against Adlai Stevenson by projecting himself as a champion of integrity and uprightness through a nationwide television address (Pious, 2002). Nixon was a politician who always did his homework. No doubt, the opponents of Nixon always found him a tough and formidable competitor. Even a cursory perusal of Nixon's history as a politician and a campaigner leaves no doubt as to his genius and marksmanship. During the illness of President Eisenhower in 1955-1957, Nixon conducted himself with an exceptional restraint and aptly handled the day- to- day administrative activities. The conduct of Nixon as a vice president and the Eisenhower-Nixon succession agreement meant to handle possible eventualities even today serves as a guiding model for the administrators and politicians (Pious, 2002). As a vice president, Nixon successfully campaigned for many Republican congressional representatives in 1954-1958. The White House always forwarded Nixon as an antidote against the Democratic aspersions regarding being lax on communism (Small, 2003). Nixon stymied the Bricker Amendment intending unprecedented constraints on the presidential powers (Small, 2003). In 1960, Nixon successfully won the Republican presidential nomination. However, he lost to John F. Kennedy primarily owing to the weak economic policies of Eisenhower.

Analysis of two commercial brands of bleaching solution Essay Example for Free

Analysis of two commercial brands of bleaching solution Essay Objective To determine the concentrations of the active ingredients in 2 commercial bleaches. Introduction Sodium hypochlorite is usually found in bleaching solutions. It is the active ingredient of bleaching solutions. It bleaches by oxidation. When it is added to dye, the following reaction occurs: ClO- + dye - Cl- + (dye + O) If the oxidized form of the dye is colorless, then the color of the dye would fade away. In the presence of acid, the hypochlorite ions from the bleaching solution reacts with the iodine ions from potassium iodide in the following way: ClO- + 2I- + 2H+ I2 + H2O + Cl-. When sodium thiosulphate solution is added into this reacted solution, a further reaction occurs: I2 + 2S2O32- 2I- + S4O62- This reaction could be used in titration to find out the number of moles of thiosulphate ions, thus the concentration of hypochlorite ions in the bleaching solution. Procedure 1. 10 cm3 of Kao Bleach was pipette into a volumetric flask. Distilled water was added until the meniscus reaches the graduation point. 2. 25 cm3 of the titrated bleach was pipette into a conical flask. About 10 cm3 of potassium iodide and dilute sulphuric acid was added into the conical flask. 3. The solution was titrated with sodium thiosulphate solution until the brown colour of the iodine fades. 4. Starch solution was added into the conical flask, and the solution was further titrated until the dark-brown colour of the starch-iodine complex turns to colourless. The volume of sodium thiosulphate solution required to reach the end point was recorded. 5. Steps 1 to 4 were repeated 3 more times. 6. Steps 1 to 5 were repeated using Clorox Bleach. Data and Calculation Molarity of standard Na2S2O3 solution = 0. 05182M Brand A: Kao Price: $11. 9/ 1500ml Trial 1 2 3 Final reading/cm3 26. 8 23. 1 25. 7 26. 0 Initial reading/ cm3. 4. 1 0. 4 2. 9 3. 2 Volume of Na2S2O3 22. 7 22. 7 22. 8 22. 8 Average no. of moles of Na2S2O3 used in the titration: 0. 05182 X (22. 7 + 22. 8 X 2)/3 X 0. 001 = 1. 180 X 10-3 moles So, there are (1. 180 X 10-3 /2) =5. 90 X 10-4 moles of I2 in the reaction So, there are 5. 90 X 10-4 moles of ClO- ions in the diluted solution. Concentration of ClO- in Kao bleach = 5. 90 X 10-4 X 10 /10 X 1000 =0. 5899M Brand B: Clorox Price: $21. 9/ 2840ml Trial 1 2 3 Final reading/cm3 33. 5 32. 4 32. 0 33. 2 Initial reading/ cm3 2. 7 1. 3 0. 9 2. 3 Volume of Na2S2O3 30. 8 31. 1 31. 1 30. 9 Average no. of moles of Na2S2O3 used in the titration: 0. 05182 X (30. 9+ 31. 1 X 2)/3 X 0. 001 = 1. 608 X 10-3 mole So, there are (1. 608 X 10-3 /2) =8. 041 X 10-4 moles of I2 in the reaction So, there are 8. 041 X 10-4 moles of ClO- ions in the diluted solution. Concentration of ClO- in Kao bleach = 8. 041 X 10-4 X 10 /10 X 1000 =0. 8041M Conclusion The concentration of ClO- in Kao is 0. 5899M while that of Clorox is 0. 8041M. Discussion 1. When we add starch solution into the conical flask, the solution turns dark blue. After that, when we add a few drops of sodium thiosulphate, the colour of the solution would turn colourless. We must be careful when we are doing this step. This is because the starch-iodine complex does not show graduation of color change. We may get pass the end point easily. The readings would be inaccurate. 2. Dilute sulphuric acid is irritating. So we must be extra careful in using it. How did I use sulphuric acid more safely? I used a larger measuring cylinder to measure out the amount of sulphuric acid. The likeliness of spilling the acid would be lower. 3. After I had done all the experiments, I found out that the tip of the pipette was broken. When I asked Mr. Leung, he said that the pipette could not be used anymore. Why? I could think of 2 reasons. First, the broken tip of the pipette could cause danger when we are using the pipette. We would have a higher chance of getting our finger cut. Second, the broken tip of the pipette may cause the solution to be carried to leak. So, it is unreliable. Answers to Study Question 1. (a) Amount of active ingredient in Kao: 0. 5899 X (35. 5 + 16) = 30. 38 g /dm3 Amount of active ingredient in Clorox: 0. 8041 X (51. 5) = 41. 41 g/dm3 (b)Cost per gram of Kao: (11. 9 X 1000/1500) /30. 38 = $0. 2611 per gram Cost per gram of Clorox: (21. 9 X 1000/2840) / 41. 41 = $ 0. 186 per gram 2. As Clorox is of a lower price, it is the better buy. 3. Adding potassium iodide in excess ensures that all chlorate ions have reacted. Only when all the chlorate ions have been reacted that the amount of iodine formed can fully reflect the amount of chlorate ions in the solution. This ensures that the volume of sodium thiosulphate used in the titration can be used to determine the number of moles of chlorate ions in the solution. 4. When an acid is added into a solution of chlorate and iodine ions, iodine would be liberated. The iodine can then be used in titration to determine the amount of the chlorate ions. 5. The second way it may deteriorate is by decomposition by sunlight: 2H+ + 2ClO- - 2HCl + O2 The chlorate ions, under sunlight, decompose back to chlorine ions and the bleaching ability of the bleaching solution is reduced. 6. This is because before reaching the end point, starch solution will not show any signs of being close to the end point. Other indicators will. For example, if methyl orange is close to its end point, it will first change the color of the solution to orange. Then, the solution would turn back to its original colour. In this way, we will know that we are close to the end point and we would add the solution more slowly. However, similar characteristics could not be found when we use starch as an indicator. So, we may get pass the end point easily. This problem is solved by titrating the iodine solution without any indicator first. After the brown color of iodine vanishes, we know that we are very close to the end point. At this stage, adding starch solution can tell us whether there is still iodine in the solution. As we know that we are already very close to the end point, we would add the solution more slowly. It would be lees likely to shoot pass the end point.

PEP and performance analysis for rounders Essay Example for Free

PEP and performance analysis for rounders Essay There are many important skills and techniques required in Rounders. As a batter in order to successfully hit the ball the player will need to have good hand and eye co-ordination. A number of things contribute to making, a good hit, these include the hand grip you are using while holding the bat, the hand grip of the bat is bad then the direction the ball will be other target because of awkward angles. Hitting the ball in Rounders is fairly significant as it will make getting the ball pass the opposition easier allowing you to ran around more bases allowing you to score more points for your team. Also when hitting the ball in a batter role it is important to keep you head in an up-right position this is because if you hit the ball with your head in an awkward position it will affect the direction the ball will go because of your lack of area awareness. Stance is important in Rounders because it determines whether you hit the ball well. A good stance includes, having your legs apart with knees slightly bent. When batting if you manage to hit a perfect ball then you will need good agility, to run around the bases well with out hitting them or going around them to far (if this happens it will affect you because it means your will have to run further out making your time slower because of the larger  distance you will have to run.) In Rounders when playing in a fielding position you need to have the ability to both catch and throw a ball in order to either get batter out or stop them from scoring the maximum points. The .reason you need to have the capabilities to catch is to catch someone out if they hit a high ball, this requires good co-ordination. When throwing a ball in a fielding position you need to have a good ball grip and good timing (this is because it will make the ball go accurate when thrown.) it is important to have a good grip of the ball when throwing it because if your grip is to loose then the ball will fall out of your hand. Also when you throw the ball you need to keep it up right so it goes in the direction you want it to go in. 2. (a) List in detail the strengths of the player/competitor/participant.  In Rounders Im good at hitting the ball when batting; in order for me to do this I had good hand and eye co-ordination. When batting it is good to have good hand and eye coordination because it determines whether a hit will be good or bad, I think the ball the reason why Im good at batting is because I hi the ball right in the middle making the ball go at max speed, the reason I can do this is because of the co-ordination. This also involves me having a good grip of the bat this is so I get the angle right when hitting the ball, if I did not have this angle right then I would not be able to hit the ball well directionally wise, it is important a can hit the ball in a good direction because it makes it more hard for the opposite sides fielders to get the ball and try get me out. Im also good in the fielding position where I have to stop the ball going past me and stopping the ball go a longer distance reducing the chance of the batter t score more points.  (b) List in detail the weaknesses of the player/competitor/participant.  The weaknesses of me when playing Rounders is in the fielding position where I have to throw the ball to a team mate where by it becomes possible for them to get the batter out. The reason why I think Im bad at throwing the ball long distances and in an accurate direction is because of the strength of my arms and because my co-ordination is not the best it could be. This could be because of the lack of flexibility in my arms making me not able to move my arm in a swift motion. Another weakness is the lack of agility making my body not as agile as it could be (making running in different directions harder.) 3. Suggest what raining practices might be used to improve the strengths and in particular the weaknesses you have identified.  One of the weaknesses I have found out is my lack of agility, a training practice could be set out for me where b I have to run in and out of cones in opposite directions as fast as I can while recording the tie, I can keep track of my progress by comparing the different times I have ran it in. (this test is called Illinois Agility Run and is commonly used with sport competitors throughout the world.) I can also use ladders in m exercise, going through them as fast as I can see what time I did and then improving it. This will help my timing and it will tune my muscles into knowing where my feet are, giving me a better sporting feel.  To improve my throwing ability I can set out a base with a thin pole in it and see how many times I can hit it, if this activity gets to easy I can always position myself further away from the pole and as time goes on I should see my coordination levels increase as my muscle more gets more use to doing this exercise thus making m directional throwing better.

Insomnia: Types, Causes and Effects

Insomnia: Types, Causes and Effects Insomnia Intro: The torture of sleeplessness is something that most people will experience at some point during their lives. The Term Insomnia is used to describe by frequently waking up throughout the night, not being able to fall asleep, and feeling tired after waking up in the morning. Unfortunately, Insomnia is a condition that is severely under-recognized. Discovery: who / how / when / where â€Å"Insomnia†, which comes from Latin words for â€Å"No Sleep†, is simply the deprivation of sleep. Insomnia has been observed all throughout human history, and because of this, it can’t be pinpointed on when exactly it was discovered. In 1818, Johann Heinroth, a German physician referred to Insomnia as being a psychosomatic disorder. History : past diagnosis, cases and treatments There have been many documented cases of insomnia all throughout history, including the infamous Chinese King Wu. In the book Records of the Historian, King Wu describes how he could not sleep at night as he has not â€Å"Secured Heaven’s Support†, and thus had no time for sleep. Over 10% of the general population is currently suffering from Insomnia, with female and the elderly suffering the most. Insomnia: Types There are many types of Insomnia, including Acute, Chronic, Comorbid, Onset, and Maintenance. Generally, Insomnia is only referred to as either Acute or Chronic based on the duration and frequency that the sleep issues have been occurring, but there are many sub categories to Insomnia as well. Acute Insomnia refers to sleep problems that last anywhere from one night to a few weeks. These disturbances in ones sleep schedule generally occur due to an emotional or physical change in someone’s life, such as illness, jet lag, and even environmental disturbances. This is generally not always the case though, as it can be caused by many other events such as a change in noises, different types of medications, caffeine / nicotine withdrawal and even pain. Chronic Insomnia is a serious medical condition that roughly 6% of all Americans suffer from. Chronic Insomnia is referred to any type of Insomnia that has been occurring at least 3 times per week for a period of longer than 1 month, despite having the opportunity to sleep. Chronic Insomnia is a serious medical condition that is under diagnosed and under treated, despite millions of American’s suffering from it every day. Comorbid Insomnia refers to a type of insomnia that stems from another condition, such as psychological, medical, and even environmental issues. Roughly 85-90% of those diagnosed with Chronic Insomnia can trace their sleep issues back to a type of Comorbid Insomnia. Onset Insomnia refers to having difficulty falling asleep, but once falling asleep the subject has no problem staying asleep. Maintenance Insomnia is exactly the opposite of that. The subject can fall asleep quickly but frequently wakes up throughout the night. Effects: Insomnia has many different effects, none of which are particularly good ones. Sleep is essential to our survival, while your body rests during sleep; your brain is busy processing all the information from that day and starting to create memories. Without sleep, you’re at a higher risk than most at developing serious health issues such as diabetes, obesity, hypertension, and your short-term memory may be affected. Sleep deprivation has been the cause of some of the biggest disasters that have occurred in recent history. Three Mile Island, the Exxon Valdez oil spill, and even the 1986 meltdown at Chernobyl have all been able to trace its roots back to employees sleep deprived. The real danger from sleep deprivation though is something we experience in our everyday lives, and that’s on the roads. Drowsiness can often time slow down a person’s reaction time to that of someone who is intoxicated. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration estimates that fatigue is the primary cause of close to 100,000 automobile crashes and 1,550 deaths per year in the United States, with the greatest effect being on those below the age of 25 years old. On the job injuries have also been at an all-time high. Another huge effect of sleep deprivation is a loss in cognitive processes. It impairs your attention, alertness, concentration, reasoning and even problem solving. All this in turn makes it extremely difficult to learn and process new information. Sleep loss has the ability to severely affect your ability to retain information as well. In 2009, French and American researchers came to the conclusion that â€Å"sharp wave ripples, a brain event, is responsible for piecing together all your memory. These ripples also transfer over information that you’ve learned from the hippocampus to the brain’s neocortex, where long-term memories are stored. These sharp wave ripples primarily occur only when your body is in a deep slumber. Depression is a key ingredient when it comes to having issues sleeping. In a 2005 Sleep in America poll, people who were diagnosed with anxiety and/or depression were often times found to be sleeping less than six hours per night. In addition to that, a 2007 study shows that those with Insomnia were over 5 times as likely to develop depression as those without it. Some physical effects of sleep deprivation are more serious than one might think. Sleep deprivation and chronic sleep loss can lead to heart disease, attack, and even failure. It can also lead to irregular heartbeats, high blood pressure, stroke, and diabetes. According to some recent studies, nearly 90% of people suffering from Insomnia are also suffering from another health condition. Weight gain is also a side effect of sleep loss. In a 2004 study, those that were getting less than 6 hours of sleep per night we’re close to thirty percent more likely to become obese versus those that slept for seven to nine hours per night. What ends up happening is a decrease in leptin, a hunger hormone, which is usually regulated by sleep. Sex drive is also affected by Insomnia. Many sleep specialists say that men and women that don’t get enough sleep generally report lower libidos and a reduced interest in sex. This can easily be pinpointed due to depleted energy from lack of sleep. Even physical features of one’s self can be affected by sleep deprivation. Aside from the covenant â€Å"bags under eyes†, it turns out that chronic sleep deprivation can lead to fine lines and lackluster skin. What ends up happening is that when your body doesn’t get enough sleep is that your body releases more cortisol, a stress hormone. In higher amounts of cortisol it can break down the protein that helps keep your skin elastic and smooth, collagen. In addition to that, being at a loss of sleep, your body will release too little of the human growth hormone (GH). Human Growth Hormones is essential to our body, as it’s used to increase muscle, strengthen bones, and even increase the thickness of your skin. The worst of all the above issues is that Insomnia can increase your risk of death. In 1967, the â€Å"Whitehall II Study† looked at how patterns of sleep affected the mortality rate of close to ten thousand British servants over a period of over twenty years. The results of this study were published in 2007, showed that those that had on average 5 hours of sleep per night nearly doubled their risk of death from all causes. In addition to this, it also doubled the risk of death from cardiovascular diseases. Causes: What actually causes Insomnia? Well, Insomnia has many different causes that are almost always related to stress in some way. Stress, is described as â€Å"a state of mental or emotion strain resulting from adverse or very demanding circumstances.† Concerns about family, school, health, and even work can easily keep your mind extremely active throughout the night, which would cause someone to have difficulty sleeping. Anxiety is also a leading cause for Insomnia, with most adults having trouble sleeping because they feel worried or nervous at some point in time. Anxiety can often times be tied to having Onset or Maintenance Insomnia. Anxiety and Insomnia can also often times feed each other, which causes a terrible cycle between anxiousness, dread and panic. Alcohol, Nicotine, Caffeine and other related substances can also have a huge effect on Insomnia. Caffeine causing Insomnia is a trend that’s been increasing over the years due to energy drinks and other types of high caffeine beverages. Caffeine has a very short half-life, which means it takes about eight to ten hours for your liver to process 75% of the caffeine. Nicotine is also to blame for Insomnia, with it being a stimulant. Using tobacco products or smoking cigarettes around bedtime can make it difficult to fall asleep and to sleep well throughout the night. People who are more prone? Women are much more likely to get Insomnia then men are. One main reason that women are affected more is that the menstrual cycle and menopause can affect sleep. Age also has a correlation with Insomnia, as Insomnia is more frequent with the elderly. Those that have any types of conditions that cause pain and discomfort are much more likely to develop Insomnia. Insomnia is also a side effect of many over the counter medications. A recent study has showed that those that have had nightmares and a fear of the dark as children are more prone to having Insomnia. Treatments There are many over the counter medications that claim to improve your sleep and assist with falling asleep, but they’re actually making the condition worse. Even though sleeping pills / alcohol are technically depressants, they will end up disrupting your sleep later throughout the night. Most of the time, Insomnia can be cured just by simply changing minor things throughout the day, minimizing naps and cutting down on those late night coffees to start. Many relaxation exercises used before bedtime can help assist sleep, as they encourage mind and muscle relaxation. Deep breathing is a technique that is commonly used to assist with Insomnia. It may seem quite trivial when put into the grand perspective of things, but it ends of working for hundreds of thousands of patients. Future There is still much to be learned about Insomnia, as there are still fundamental deficits in researcher’s understanding of it. When it comes to the treatment of Insomnia, the future is one that doesn’t involve the use of sedatives. Many doctors are adopting methods of addressing Insomnia at its roots vs. just covering it up with some sleep medication. New treatments On Aug 13th, 2014 the FDA approved a new type of prescription insomnia drug that’s the first of its kind. This new drug alters the action of the brain’s chemical orexin, which helps to regulate the sleep-wake cycle. Conclusion Insomnia is a serious medical condition that often times gets skimmed over by physicians. Hundreds of thousands of people suffer from Insomnia daily with the number increasing every single day. As the number increases, more and more people are beginning to realize the impact that Insomnia has on the others and how it can significantly impair the lives of others. Social networking games: Effect on teenagers Social networking games: Effect on teenagers Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Background Playing computer games or video games becoming a dominant part in most people life especially teenagers. A survey by the Kaiser Family Foundation in 2005 (Cheryl, 2013) found that on any given day, 65% of 8 to 10 year old and 63% of 11 to 14 years old play video or computer game in US. Nowadays, due to the development of technology, people slowly diverted to social networking game. As there is a huge increase of number of teenagers playing social network over the year and create an opportunities for multibillion business to be growth. As continuity grown in social networking site also stimulate the growth of social networking games. According to a new statistic gather by Parks Associates, revenues in the social games market will increase by 500% from 2010 to 2015 (Parks Associates, 2011).Besides, according Datamonitor (2008), the value of the global online game market has rapidly expanded from US$3.4 billion in 2005 to US$13 billion in 2012. On average, there were over 4000 thousand new games being launched in the app store and play store (Miczaika, 2013). In other word, it is a big business industry that attracts many game developers to join in and it also showing that it would be essential to understand what motivated people to play and success in getting a significant share in the industry. A social networking game can also know as casual game as due to its distinctive feature which using social networking as a platform such as Facebook and LINE which require user to login with social networking account before proceed to the gaming. According to Fields Cotton (2012), social games can defined as games that use an external social network of some type to facilitate the user’s interaction with other players and these social interactions can help drive adoption of the games and retain players. One of the best examples to be use is the Farmville which record 60 million users (The Guardian, 2009). This once again indicates that social games have become very popular in recent years. One of the possible reasons for being such is due these games enable user to interact with other through sending gift or chat and competition among other gamer where different with traditional games which can play alone. Other than that, according to the White Night Mobile Game Conference (2 013), there were over 64% diamond dash gamer login through Facebook to have access to the popular social networking games and the COO of Wooga, Jan Miczaika also saying that on average, gamer on Wooga play average 2 game on a given day. Over the year many research done to find out what is the impact of this phenomena as study how the social networking games bring what consequences to teenager on playing it such as drop in academic study and other. Most research that is conducted is mainly interested and focuses on how games are influencing the teenager’s behaviour such as how gaming lead to aggressive and violence behaviour which closely related how people behave. Social networking games in these day providing people with a brand new insight of gaming to gamer. As social networking games offer a wide range of games from traditional games, casual games to skill games that meet various interests of gamers. However, the social networking games now has turn over become a multibillion dollar business, it also shown that there is a need to understand what actually make it some interesting to attract people to play on it especially teenager. According to Playfish (2009), the social gaming publisher, almost 80% of their gamer is 18-34 years old and male and female fairly divided. At the same time, another popular social gaming, Diamond dash which develop by Wooga is receiving 1.9 million visitor come each month through Facebook Request (Miczaika, 2013).Thus in this research we would like to focus on what motivates teenagers to play social networking game that provide better knowledge for the future development in the industry. The rapidly growth on this social networking games industry has making it attractive enough to attract other game developer to develop social networking games. This once again shows that social gaming is today world the dominant in gaming industry to be developed in coming year times. In other word, this also shown that, this area of research is highly interested by many researchers. As to avoid and protect the platform users from spamming effect from other user especially game request, Facebook has introduced a new policy and setting of game as one of the approach to prohibit the spamming effect to be viral and this make difficult for developer to recruit new gamer and it would be more easier for them to understand what motivated people to play and help in the marketing and developing of game (Clipperton, 2013). According to the perception of Self-Determination Theory, motivation can came from various intrinsic and extrinsic sources as it also focus on how the social and cultural factor influencing people’s motivation on engaging themselves in activities. Individual’s experience such as autonomy, competence,andrelatednessare one of the forms of motivation to engagement for activities (Self-Determination theory, n,p).Thus in the research, we would conceptualise and categories the motivation into few type so that it is measurable. For example, goal or reward, excitement, interesting graphic, peer effect, leader board. Leader boards can be one of the motivations that motivate teenager step into playing social games. As anyone who grew up in the video game generation they will never realise that leader boards are the invisible encouragement to motivate players try harder in the games (Mashable, 2011). Players will desire to do better to achieve high ranking in the leader boards as they may compete with their friends or nationwide. 1.2 Statement of Research Problem As mentioned above, the purpose of doing this research is to investigate the reason that bring by the social networking games and their motivation towards the teenager to play the games. From our observation and searching, we found that there are a lot of researches have completed the study in this gaming scope. But we found that, most of the researches were more focus on the study of the impacts or the influences of playing games instead of what the reason behind that make them to play games. So, this is one of the reasons why we are conducting a research to figure out the actual reason that attaches the teenagers with the games. There are a few factors that motivates or connecting them with the game in their daily life. According to Scoresby and Shelton (2011), a computer game environment creates motivation through emotionally linking the player to the content. It is the interaction between sensory stimulation, environmental factors and a player’s internal tendencies that en courage involvement and enable immersion (Witmer and Singer, 1998). People are motivated by various factors such as own self-interest, care and also to satisfied their curiosity as well. According to the Self-Determination Theory, Intrinsic motivation can be characterized by free choice, interest, optimal challenge and psychological needs, such as reflectance, personal causation, competence, autonomy and social needs (Deci and Ryan, 1990). These intrinsic motivations are not necessarily internally rewarded but nonetheless they can sustain passion, creativity and efforts. Besides, as the technology grows time by time, games on the internet especially social networking games are becoming popular as the generations nowadays tend to engage themselves on it. The social networking games such as the Facebook games, are one of the type of social networking games that loved by the teenagers. Social networking game functions by letting the players interacting with each other through various ways. The uniqueness of game study is its focus on the process rather than the results of game use (Barr et al., 2007). Games also possess interdisciplinary integration and interaction with player through multidimensional elements such as set, character, animation and music. So we can see from here, game study it involve a very complicated and extensive field that merits more attention from researcher (Kai-Shuan Shen, 2012). We found that previous researches mostly were study on the video games or other type of game but social networking game is still fresh for the research er to investigate what is the attractive characteristic that linked the teenagers to the social networking games. The factors that engage teenager with the video games or other games type are different compared to the social networking game as this game type are new. Different social networking game in different region has different cultural background which may have different motivations that lead those teenagers to engage to the game. Although there are few researches have done the study on this motivation’s perspective, but the research couldn’t represent the study in Malaysia. In Malaysia, there is still fresh for the research to study the reason why the social networking is interesting enough to be played by those teenagers. People in Malaysia may have different reason of motivation when they engaging with the social networking game compared to the other western country. This is because cultural background is different for those people from different country. They may have different interest towards social networking games. Sometimes a person engage with a particular online game is because he or she feels that the game is closely related to his or her cultural background, and thus, he or she will feel motivated to play the game . So, we will specifically study about why the teenagers in Malaysia are motivated to play the social networking game. 1.3 Research Objective To investigate the motive behind playing social networking games 1.4 Research Questions 1.) What motivates college student to play social networking game? 1.5 Significance of study In this 21st century, social media become part of life in this world and the people who get influence are increase complexly. Most of the people interact and use social media for different purpose. In this research, we want further explore the motivation behind the social networking games that motivate teenager to play and get a better understand and knowledge in this major industry. 1.6 Research Scope The focus scope of this research is to analyse what are the motivation that motivate college student towards the social networking games. We will focus our study about what is the motive behind that makes college student o involve in social network games. As such, our primary target audience of this research would be college student who fall in between the range of age around 19-25, which is the people who born from early 1989 until 1995. Audience in these range of age are our targeted sample as they are those college students which is highly participated in playing games no matter in in the form of online or offline and they were most likely those core target audience of game developer. From social media platform, such as Facebook, Google Plus, college student can get motivation to involve themselves to the use of information technology such as social media and social gaming with both motivation factors which including intrinsic and extrinsic reason. (Davist al., 1992). Social media and games have a powerful yet invisible power to keep all of us engaged and connected with each other in this world. In this research, we would use non probability sampling method to make a sample size that consist 200 people that age between 19 25 as to be accurate is all college student that play social network game. 1